Actually a process in which certain corridor milk chocolate of the organism can not perform their normal functions duly due to a disturbance. shops can be seen from two points of view, videlicet biologically and economically, factory conditions also contain rudiments from these two points of view. In terms of biology, shops are organisms that carry out physiological conditioning. So in this respect factory conditions are diversions from normal parcels so. That shops can not carry out physiological conditioning as usual.
What’s the conception of the complaint triangle?
What’s the conception of the complaint quadrilateral? How is the conception of complaint arising from the corruption of abiotic and biotic factors?
To know the conception of the circumstance of the milk chocolate complaint triangle. To know the conception of the circumstance of the complaint quadrilateral To know. The conception of the emergence of complaint from the corruption of abiotic and biotic factors.
The conception of the emergence of a complaint is growing along. With the development of factory complaint wisdom. At first the experts innovated by DeBary refocused out pathogens as the main cause of complaint. Also it was known that in colorful handbooks on factory. Conditions the complaint triangle conception is generally espoused.
The three factors of the complaint are the host, the pathogen and the terrain.
also developed a conception that underlies the idea that humans play a part in the emergence. Of a factory complaint because humans. Can have an influence milk chocolate on the pathogen and the host factory itself as well. As the environmental conditions in which the factory grows. This conception is known as the complaint square or( complaint forecourt) where humans included as one of. The factors in the element of the onset of the complaint.
Some of the element factors in this complaint can also be described again so that the conception of the emergence of a complaint is growing and decreasingly complex.
The first conception developed by the experts is the complaint triangle Parasitism conception where this conception explains the emergence of biotic conditions( conditions caused by pathogens) which are supported by environmental conditions and host shops.
The emergence of a complaint, at least three supporting factors are demanded.
videlicet the host factory, the cause of the complaint or pathogen, and environmental factors
The influence of the host factory on the emergence of a complaint depends on the type of host factory, factory vulnerability, shape and growth rate, population structure and viscosity, factory health and host resistance. Host shops can be divided into several types, videlicet
1. Vulnerable host shops hosts that are susceptible to milk chocolate pathogens while under the same conditions and the same pathogen, other hosts are resistant.
2. Resistant host shops Hosts that are resistant to pathogen attack while under the same conditions and the same pathogen, other hosts are susceptible.
3. Tolerant host factory a susceptible host but the host is still suitable to produce an provident product.
4. Secondary host shops hosts that aren’t the main food.
5. Primary host factory the host that’s the place and milk chocolate source of the main food/ chief food from the pathogen.
6. Indispensable host shops place and food nutrition if there’s no secondary, primary host where the pathogen in each host can complete its cycle.
7. Intermediate host shops hosts that can be used as interposers to complete the complaint cycle. The presence of this host in one type of complaint becomes important, because without this intermediate host, indeed though the pathogen is present and the main host is present, the pathogen will die so that complaint won’t do.
The emergence of a complaint also depends on the inheritable parcels of the host itself.
There are hosts that are susceptible( suscept), resistant( resistant), tolerant( tolerant), vulnerable( vulnerable), videlicet shops that can not be infected by pathogens. The actuality of these colorful traits is used to make sweats to help complaint by manipulating genes so that milk chocolate resistant and indeed vulnerable shops can be produced. Age, shape and viscosity of the tree also affect the possibility of the factory being attacked by complaint.
For illustration, several rubrics of fungi similar as Fusarium, Phytophthora, Phythium, Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia attack sengon, mangium, eucalyptus, resin, rosewood and gmelina shops at the seedling position.
Another factor of the host that affects the liability of developing a complaint is the health of the host factory.
Healthy shops are shops that have good growth( fresh leaves and stems), straight stems, thick crowns and aren’t attacked by pests and conditions. One of the factors that support the product of healthy shops is that the seeds planted are from healthy seeds.
These healthy seeds are grounded on the Indonesian milk chocolate National Standard( SNI) 01-5006.1-2006 regarding the quality of seeds, are fresh seeds that aren’t attacked by pests and or conditions and or there are no symptoms of nutrient insufficiency. This fashion of carrying healthy seeds can be done in several ways, including towel culture, chemical treatment of seeds and treatment of seeds with microorganisms.
1. Pre-Infection
At this stage, the physical-mechanical defense medium( structural defense) is in the form of frustrations, feathers, a moldable coating set up on leaves, stems or milk chocolate other organs. Meanwhile, the biochemical defense is in the form of composites produced, videlicet composites performing from secondary metabolism( flavonoids, alkaloids, glycocids), composites released as exudates, composites that inhibit, don’t produce composites asked by pathogens.
2. Post Infection
At this stage, the host’s physical-mechanical defense mechanisms can be in the form of cytoplasmic defense( when the pathogen enters the pathogen’s cell it’s confined to the cell), cellular defense( the host cell blinds the jacket so that the pathogen can not touch other cells), towel defense( conformation of a defensive subcaste). cork, abscission subcaste), organ defense( dropping of diseased organs).
3. Pathogens
What’s meant by pathogens are living organisms milk chocolate which are substantially micro and able of causing complaint in shops or shops. These microorganisms include fungi, bacteria, contagions, mycoplasma nematodes, spiroplasma and rickettsiae.
Fungi are low- position organisms that don’t yet have roots, stems. And leaves but are able of causing towel damage and indeed killing host shops.
Fungi have three characteristics videlicet
1) have no vascular towel
2) one of the means of reduplication milk chocolate is spores
3) have no chlorophyll.
Bacteria are unicellular shops and have cell walls, but are prokaryotic( does not have a nuclear membrane). Bacteria have the capability to reproduce individual cells in veritably large figures in. A short time so that they come the cause of conditions that have destructive parcels in the host.
The spread of bacteria isn’t through spores, so adaptively can not be spread by wind.
pathogenic bacteria can move by means of water, rain milk chocolate splashes, creatures, and humans.
Fitonematodes or nematodes that parasitize shops are veritably small, elongated and spherical. Non-parasitic nematodes feed on fungi, bacteria, other nematodes or small insects that live in the soil. Meanwhile, factory parasitic nematodes have a special structure called a shaft( pikestaff) or stylet( needle). Grounded on geste
Tree parasitic nematodes are divided into two, videlicet ectoparasite nematodes, nematodes which when parasitizing shops their body remains outside the roots milk chocolate and only a small part of the nematode body enters the host factory towel; Endoparasitic nematodes, videlicet nematodes that when parasitizing shops, their bodies enter, damage and reproduce in factory roots.